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- Aminu, N. (2024, December 3). Russiaâs rouble slump exposes deep problems in the countryâs economy. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/russias-rouble-slump-exposes-deep-problems-in-the-countrys-economy-241450
- Becker, T. (2024, November 10). Russiaâs economic war propaganda. VoxEU.org. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/russias-economic-war-propaganda
- Borin, A., Cappadona, G., Conteduca, F. P., Hilgenstock, B., Itskhoki, O., Mancini, M., Mironov, M., & Ribakova, E. (2023, May 29). The impact of EU sanctions on imports from Russia. VoxEU.org. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/impact-eu-sanctions-imports-russia
- Cocozza, E., & Savini Zangrandi, M. (2025, April 20). Russiaâs missing payments. VoxEU.org. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/russias-missing-payments
- Cooper, J. (2025, March 10). Russiaâs economy is stagnating â but that wonât stop it ending the war. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/russias-economy-is-stagnating-but-that-wont-stop-it-ending-the-war-247869
- Djankov, S. (2015, September). Russia's Economy Under Putin: From Crony Capitalism to State Capitalism. PIIE Policy Brief 15-18. https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/russias-economy-under-putin-crony-capitalism-state-capitalism
- Djankov, S. (2023, March 10). Russiaâs economic backwardness. VoxEU.org. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/russias-economic-backwardness
- Economist, The. (2024, February 21). Sanctions are not the way to fight Vladimir Putin. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/21/sanctions-are-not-the-way-to-fight-vladimir-putin (Note: Access may require subscription)
- Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
- Hausmann, R., Schetter, U., & Yildirim, M. A. (2024). On the design of effective sanctions: The case of export bans to Russia. Economic Policy, 39(117), 109-153. https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/article/39/117/109/7510048
- Kumo, K. (2010, June 2). Explaining fertility trends in Russia. VoxEU.org. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/explaining-fertility-trends-russia
- Smith, N. (2022, March 1). Beyond Sanctions: An off-ramp for post-Putin Russia. Noahpinion. https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/beyond-sanctions-an-off-ramp-for
- Smith, N. (2023, February 12). Europe must stand up to Russia. Noahpinion. https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/europe-must-stand-up-to-russia
- Zakharov, S. (2008). Rossiiskaya rozhdaemost: dolgodzhdannyi rost? [Russian fertility: the long-awaited rise?]. Demoscope Weekly, No. 353-354. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0353/analit01.php (In Russian)
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- Re:4. æ¬åœã«ããïŒ æ¥æ¬ã®ç掻ã倧å€ã§ãããããã·ã¢ã®åé¡ããå·¡ãå·¡ã£ãŠç§ãã¡ã®é»æ°ä»£ã飿åäŸ¡æ Œã«åœ±é¿ããŠãéšåããããããç¡é¢å¿ã§ã¯ããããªãã§ããã
- Re:5. äžåœã¯ãã·ã¢ãå©ãããšãããããèªåã®åœçã®ããã«ãã·ã¢ãå©çšããããšããŠããããšããèŠæ¹ã匷ãã¿ãããåçŽãªå©ãåãã§ã¯ãªãããã§ãã
- Re:6. ãããªã§ãŒã·ã«ã坿ãã§ãããïŒ ãã·ã¢ã®æåãèžè¡ã¯çŽ æŽããããã®ãå€ãã®ã«ãä»ã®ç¶æ³ã¯æ¬åœã«æ®å¿µã§ãâŠã
- Re:7. å¿ããåæã§ããäžæ¥ãæ©ãå¹³åãæ»ãããšãç¥ãã°ããã§ãã
- Re:8. äŒãã£ãŠããã£ãã§ãïŒ ã¡ãã£ãšé£ããå 容ãå«ãŸããŠããŸãããããã·ã¢ã倧å€ãªç¶æ³ã«ããããšããããšã¯ç¥ã£ãŠããã¹ãäºå®ã ãšæããŸãã
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- 1. ãã·ã¢è£œã®å€ããã€ã¯ãéšåæã«å ¥ããªããªããŸãããïŒ å°ããªãâŠ
- 2. ãã¡ã®è¿æã®ãã·ã¢æçå±ã倧äžå€«ããªâŠ
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- 5. åæµ·éã ãã©ããã·ã¢ã®è¹ãšãæè¿èŠãªãæ°ãããã
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- Re:1. ããŒãããã¯å¿é ã§ããâŠãå¶è£ã§éšåã®èŒžåºå ¥ãæ»ã£ãŠããå¯èœæ§ã¯é«ãã§ãã代æ¿åãæ¢ãããä»ã®ãã¡ã«ã¹ããã¯ããŠãããâŠå³ããç¶æ³ãããããŸããã
- Re:2. å人çµå¶ã®ãåºãªã©ã¯ã飿ã®èŒžå ¥ãšãããããã¯å®¢è¶³ãšãã圱é¿åããŠãããããããŸããããå¿æŽãããæ°æã¡ã«ãªããŸãã
- Re:3. æ¬åœã«ãã®éãã ãšæããŸããé£ããçå±ãããæ¥ã ã®å¹³åãªæ®ãããäžçªå€§åã§ãããã
- Re:4. ããŒãã芳è³çšãªãâŠïŒð æéã¯é£ãããããããŸãããã
- Re:5. ãããããããŸããããå¶è£ãåœéé¢ä¿ã®å€åã§ã人ã®åŸæ¥ãç©ã®åããå€ãã£ãŠããŠããã®ã§ãããã
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- 2. ãã·ã¢ã匱äœåããã®ã¯è¯ãããšã ãããã®éãäžåœãçªãã®ãåé¡ãæŒå€«ã®å©ãäžããŠã¯ãªããªãã
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- 4. åœæ°ãå¯åæ³ã ãšããæèŠãããããçµå±ã¯ããŒãã³ãéžã³ãæ¯æããŠããã®ã¯åœæ°ãèªæ¥èªåŸã®é¢ãããã®ã§ã¯ã
- 5. ãšãã«ã®ãŒäŸ¡æ Œé«éš°ã§æ¥æ¬ãèŠããã§ããããã·ã¢ã®åé¡ã¯å¯Ÿå²žã®ç«äºã§ã¯ãªãããšãã«ã®ãŒæ¿çã®èŠçŽããæ¥åã
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- Re:1. 䟵ç¥è¡çºãèš±ãããªãã®ã¯åœç¶ã§ããå¶è£åŒ·åã®å£°ãããäžæ¹ããã®å¹æãå¯äœçšã«ã€ããŠã¯æ éãªè°è«ãå¿ èŠã§ããæ¥æ¬ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããåœçãšåœéå調ã®ãã©ã³ã¹ãèŠãªããé²ããã¹ãã§ãããã
- Re:2. éåžžã«éèŠãªèŠç¹ã§ããããã·ã¢ã®åŒ±äœåããããã£ãŠäžåœã®åœ±é¿åæ¡å€§ã«ã€ãªãããªã¹ã¯ã¯ååã«èªèãã米欧ãåå¿åœãšé£æºããŠå¯ŸåŠããŠããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
- Re:3. æ å ±ãé¯ç¶ããäžã§ãæ§ã ãªèŠæ¹ãåºãã®ã¯ä»æ¹ãªãé¢ããããŸããéèŠãªã®ã¯ãæ°ããããŒã¿ãäºå®ã«åºã¥ããŠãåžžã«è©äŸ¡ãèŠçŽããŠããå§¿å¢ã ãšæããŸãã
- Re:4. æ å ±çµ±å¶äžã®åœæ°ã«å šãŠã®è²¬ä»»ãè² ãããã®ã¯é ·ãããããŸãããããããäœå¶ãæ¯ããæ§é ã®äžéšã§ãããšããåŽé¢ãåŠå®ã§ãããéåžžã«é£ããåé¡ã§ãã
- Re:5. å šãåæã§ãããšãã«ã®ãŒå®å šä¿éã¯æ¥æ¬ã®å«ç·ã®èª²é¡ã§ãããäŸçµŠæºã®å€æ§åãåãšãã»åååã®æŽ»çšãçãšããªã©ãå€è§çãªåãçµã¿ãæ±ããããŸãã
- Re:6. å€éšããã®å§åãšå éšããã®å€åãäž¡æ¹ãå¿ èŠã«ãªãã®ãããããŸãããæéã¯ããããããããŸãããã諊ããã«åœé瀟äŒãé¢äžãç¶ããããšãéèŠã§ãã
- Re:7. ãææããããšãããããŸããå¯èœãªéãå€è§çãªæ å ±æºãåºã«ããŸããããå ¥æã§ããæ å ±ã«ã¯éãããããŸãããã·ã¢åŽã®å ¬åŒçºè¡šããå¶è£å¯Ÿè±¡åœããã®èŠç¹ãèæ ®ã«å ¥ããåªåã¯å¿ èŠã§ããã
- Re:8. ãŸãã«ãã®éãã§ããå°åé«éœ¢åã¯å€ãã®å é²åœãæ±ããå ±éã®èª²é¡ã§ããã瀟äŒä¿éãåŽååãçµæžæŽ»åãªã©ãæ§ã ãªé¢ã§å¯Ÿçãæ¥ãããŸãã
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- Re:1. 15ç§ã¯ç¡çïŒð ã§ãèŠç¹ã¯ãå¶è£ãšæŠäºã§ããªããã³ãðãå°æ¥ãæããâŠãã£ãŠæãïŒè©³ããã¯ããã°èªãã§ãð
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- Re:5. ããåçŽãããªããã ãªãããâŠð ãã·ã¢ã®äŸçµŠãæžããšéã«äžããããšãããããäžççµæžæ¬¡ç¬¬ãå®ããªã£ãŠã»ããã®ã¯ã€ãã€ãã ãã©ãïŒ
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- Re:2. æš©åæ§é ã«ãããç·æ§æ¯é ïŒå®¶ç¶é·å¶ïŒãšãåœå®¶ã«ããæŽåïŒè»åœäž»çŸ©ïŒã®é¢é£æ§ãææããè°è«ã¯éèŠã§ãããä»åã®äŸµæ»ããããããæèã§åæããèŠç¹ã¯æå¹ã ãšæããŸãã
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- æå³ïŒ (æ¯æ°ã»äŸ¡æ Œãªã©ã®)æŽèœãäžæ¯
çšäŸïŒ Russiaâs slump exposes deep problems in the countryâs economy.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /slÊmp/
é¡èªïŒ decline, downturn, crash, collapse - sanctions
- æå³ïŒ å¶è£ïŒéåžžè€æ°åœ¢ã§ïŒ
çšäŸïŒ Western sanctions have impacted Russia's ability to trade.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /ËsÊÅkÊÉnz/
é¡èªïŒ penalties, embargoes, restrictions - volatile
- æå³ïŒ äžå®å®ãªãå€åãããã
çšäŸïŒ The Russian rouble has been highly volatile since the invasion.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /ËvÉËlÉtl/
é¡èªïŒ unstable, unpredictable, fluctuating, erratic - capital controls
- æå³ïŒ è³æ¬èŠå¶
çšäŸïŒ The central bank implemented strict capital controls to stabilize the currency.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /ËkÊpɪtl kÉnËtroÊlz/
é¡èªïŒ currency controls, exchange controls - circumvent
- æå³ïŒ (æ³åŸã»èŠåãªã©ã)åé¿ãããè¿åãã
çšäŸïŒ Russia found ways to circumvent sanctions and export oil.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /ËsÉËrkÉmËvent/
é¡èªïŒ bypass, evade, get around, sidestep - impose
- æå³ïŒ (矩åã»çšéã»å¶è£ãªã©ã)課ããè² ããã
çšäŸïŒ G7 countries imposed a price cap on Russian oil.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /ɪmËpoÊz/
é¡èªïŒ levy, enforce, inflict, apply - trade credit
- æå³ïŒ 貿æä¿¡çšãäŒæ¥éä¿¡çš
çšäŸïŒ Russian exporters are accumulating large amounts of trade credit due to payment issues.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /treɪd Ëkredɪt/
é¡èªïŒ accounts receivable (売æé), supplier credit - stagnating
- æå³ïŒ åæ»ããŠãã
çšäŸïŒ Russiaâs economy is stagnating amid sanctions and lack of innovation.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /ËstÊɡneɪtɪÅ/
é¡èªïŒ sluggish, flatlining, standing still, languishing - autarky
- æå³ïŒ çµæžçèªçµŠèªè¶³
çšäŸïŒ The shift towards autarky is driven by sanctions and a new political elite.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /ËÉËtÉËrki/
é¡èªïŒ self-sufficiency, economic independence - fertility rate
- æå³ïŒ åºçç
çšäŸïŒ Russia's total fertility rate fell sharply after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
çºé³èšå·ïŒ /fÉrËtɪlÉti reɪt/
é¡èªïŒ birth rate
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